PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian																			Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian																				0.774
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Tertiary †				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Serravallian																				11.63
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian																				15.98
		Aquitanian																				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																				33.9
		Bartonian																				37.71
		Lutetian																				41.2
		Ypresian																				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																				56
		Selandian																				59.2
		Danian																				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																				145
		Kimmeridgian																				149.2
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras													168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense													168.4
		Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta													174.7
									Planulata													179.3 *
									Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi											179.8 *
									Kanense													181.3 *
									Carlottense													182.3 *
									Kunae													183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Kunae													184.2
									Freboldi													185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras												186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras												189.2 *
									Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis												190.3 *
		Sinemurian																				192.9
									Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras											196.4 *
									Franziceras/Euphyllites													196.5 *
		Hettangian							Franziceras/Euphyllites													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																				201.4
		Norian																				208.5
		Carnian																				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Richmondian				Kralodvorian		446 *
								Richmondian				Berounian		449.7 *
								Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian							450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian							451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian							453
								Turinian							453.7 *
								Turinian							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Whiterockian							Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
													Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian																458.4
												Dobrotivian						458.5 *
												Oretanian						459.7 *
													Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian											Klabava †					467.3
												Arenigian						468
								Rangerian										469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian									Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean											473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				Tremadocian							477.7
								Stairsian											480.3 *
								Skullrockian		Demingian †								482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian										Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian		Series 3 †							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian																Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †															Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †															Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian															Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4																Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3																Dyeran		514
																		Montezuman		514.8 *
																		Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																		529
																						538.8