PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian		Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian				Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene											0.129
		Chibanian				Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene											0.3 *
		Calabrian				Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene											0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †												1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean		Late Pliocene										Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan		Late Pliocene											2.9 *
		Zanclean				Chapadmalalan		Early Pliocene											3.6
						Montehermosan													3.7 *
						Huayquerian													4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
						Chasicoan													7.9 *
						Mayoan													9.9 *
						Laventan													10.9 *
		Serravallian				Laventan		Middle Miocene											11.63
		Serravallian				Colloncuran													13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran													13.82
		Langhian				Friasian													15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Friasian		Early Miocene											15.98
						Santacrucian													16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian													17.4 *
		Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian													20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan													20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene											27.82
		Rupelian				Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene											28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian				Tinguirirican		Late Eocene											33.9
		Priabonian				Divisaderan		Late Eocene											35.9 *
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene											37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan													41.9 *
		Ypresian				Mustersan		Early Eocene											47.8
		Ypresian				Casamayoran		Early Eocene											47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican		Late Paleocene											56
						Itaboraian													56.9 *
						Peligran													58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene											61.6
		Danian				Tiupampan		Early Paleocene											62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian													Epizigzagiceras				168.2
		Bajocian													Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
		Aalenian													Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
															Planulata				179.3 *
															Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
			Kanense	181.3 *
			Carlottense	182.3 *
			Kunae	183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae	184.2
			Freboldi	185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Induan					251.2
		Induan					Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai		251.902
									252.4 *
							Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru		Longtanian †	254.14
							Kalabagh			255 *
							Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
							Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb			266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian				Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Kralodvorian		449.5
												Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian												453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
												Dobrotivian				458.5 *
												Oretanian				459.7 *
													Sarka †			461.7 *
										Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian						Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian						Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Yiyangian				Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian				Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian				Tremadocian			Lianghekou †		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			485.4
		Stage 10								Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids					Series 3 †			497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																			538.8