PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of China	Silurian of the Baltic	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean								0.129
						Irvingtonian								0.21
							Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian												0.774
						Blancan								1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean							2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan							3.6
							Montehermosan							3.7 *
						Hemphillian	Montehermosan							4.7
							Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
							Chasicoan							7.9 *
						Clarendonian	Chasicoan							9.4
							Mayoan							9.9 *
							Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian												11.63
						Barstovian								12.5
							Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian					Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian							15.98
							Santacrucian							16.2 *
						Hemingfordian	Santacrucian							16.3
						Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
						Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
							Tinguirirican							28.9 *
						Whitneyan								29.5
						Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian								33.9
						Chadronian	Divisaderan							35.9 *
						Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
							Mustersan							41.9 *
						Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
							Casamayoran							47.9 *
						Wasatchian								50.5
						Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian	Riochican							56
						Tiffanian	Riochican							56.2
							Itaboraian							56.9 *
							Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian												61.6
							Tiupampan							62.4 *
						Puercan	Tiupampan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian	100.5
			Middle Albian	106.2 *
			Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian				150
				Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
				Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian				154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
					Late Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
					Early Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan						Thouarsense	176
											180.1
					Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
					Early Toarcian				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian							201.4
		Norian		Warepan	Sevatian						208.5
					Alaunian						213.2 *
					Lacian						216.7 *
				Otamitan							217
				Oretian							221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian						227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian						227.5
					Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian						237
				Etalian	Longobardian						238
					Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian						242
					Pelsonian						243.8 *
					Bithynian						244.7 *
					Aegean						245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean						246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian						247.2
					Smithian						248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian						249
		Induan			Dienerian						251.2
					Griesbachian						251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
						Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean				Shangsian	330.9
		Visean				Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian					Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
		Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian					477.7
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian				Lianghekou †	477.9 *
														485.4