PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			European Faunal Zones	Permian of North America				Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian				MN 17							Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				MN 16							Late Pliocene	Villanyian	2.58
						MN 16								Ruscinian	3.1 *
						MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean				MN 15							Early Pliocene		3.6
						MN 14									4.2
						MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				MN 13							Late Miocene	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian				MN 12									7.246
						MN 11									7.75
						MN 10								Vallesian	8.7
						MN 9									9.7
						MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian				MN 7 + 8							Middle Miocene	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian				MN 6									12.8 *
		Langhian				MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian				MN 4							Early Miocene	Orleanian	15.98
						MN 3								Orleanian	16.9
						MN 2								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian				MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian				MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian				Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	Ungurian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian			489.5
									Aksaian				490.7 *
									Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian								Paibian			494
		Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian								Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian	Drumian			500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian	Drumian			503
		Wuliuan							Tuesaian	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
		Wuliuan								Wuliuan/Taijangian			505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
									Toyonian				510 *
									Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian	Nangaoian			514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian	Nangaoian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian	Meishucunian			521
		Stage 2											525.5
		Fortunian											529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian			530.7
															538.8