PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †							2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean																Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian																Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian															Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																Bridgerian	47.8
																		Wasatchian	50.5
																		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian		Cretaceous 4		100.5
															Middle Albian				106.2 *
															Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian													Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian				139.8
															Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
															Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5		149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan								Late Kimmeridgian				150
			Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *			Ohauan
			Early Kimmeridgian	Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Late Toarcian	Herangi		Ururoan		176
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	Jurassic 2	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Warepan		Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan				217
				Oretian				221
		Carnian		Oretian		Tuvalian	Triassic 3	227
			Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian		227.5
						Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
				Etalian		Longobardian		238
						Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian		Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
						Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian		Smithian		249
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
						Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan		Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian					259.51
		Wordian		Flettian					264.28
		Wordian		Barettian					266
		Roadian					Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2		273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
				Telfordian					285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen		Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †		Pirgu		445.2
							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					Pirgu		449.5
												Vormsi		449.6 *
												Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
											Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
												Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
												Haljala			453.9
												Kukruse			456.4 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo			Uhaku		Ordovician 3	458.4
												Lasnamagi			458.9 *
												Aseri			460.4 *
											Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
													Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
												Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian					Volkhov		Ordovician 2		467.3
		Dapingian					Dapingian					Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian									470
													Latorp †			470.1 *
												Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian							Ordovician 1		477.7
										Lianghekou †						477.9 *
												Varangu				481.3 *
												Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Pakerort	Cambrian 5	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †					Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian											Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3												Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												Cambrian 1		529
																			538.8