PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian					Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian													Lujanian		0.129
		Chibanian													Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian													Ensenadan		0.774
		Calabrian													Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian													Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Yushean				Tertiary †	Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian													Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean													Chapadmalalan		3.6
															Montehermosan		3.7 *
										Baodean					Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
															Chasicoan		7.9 *
															Mayoan		9.9 *
															Laventan		10.9 *
										Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian															11.63
		Serravallian													Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian								Shanwangian					Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian													Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian													Friasian		15.98
															Santacrucian		16.2 *
										Xiejiaan					Santacrucian		16.9
															Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
		Aquitanian													Colhuehuapian		20.44
		Aquitanian													Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian													Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian													Tinguirirican		33.9
		Priabonian													Divisaderan		35.9 *
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Lutetian													Mustersan		41.9 *
		Ypresian													Mustersan		47.8
		Ypresian													Casamayoran		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Riochican		56
															Itaboraian		56.9 *
															Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian													Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian									100.5
								Middle Albian									106.2 *
								Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian									113
		Aptian						Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian									139.8
								Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
								Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian									150
			Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *			Ohauan
			Early Kimmeridgian	Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Late Toarcian	Herangi		Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian		Warepan		Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
				Otamitan			217
				Oretian			221
		Carnian		Oretian		Tuvalian	227
			Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian	227.5
						Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
				Etalian		Longobardian	238
						Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian		Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
						Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian		Smithian	249
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
						Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan		Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
				Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan					254.2
							Kalabagh		255 *
							Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian					259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
				Barettian					266
							Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb		266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
				Telfordian					285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
		Asselian							Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			303.7					Stephanian A
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian					305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian					307
					Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian				445.2		Wufeng †
		Katian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
		Sandbian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian					Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian				Darriwilian				Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian				Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian						470
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian						477.7
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian		Lianghekou †			477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					504.5
																	509