PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian								Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
										Hemingfordian						16.3
										Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
										Whitneyan						29.5
										Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian						47.8
										Wasatchian						50.5
										Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian								Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian											Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan		150
														Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian												Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
				Telfordian	285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †	298.9
					Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
									305.9
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian			307
					Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian								Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian								Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian								Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Waucoban †	509									Delamaran
		Stage 4		Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran									514
				Montezuman									514.8 *
				Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																538.8