PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia		Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene															0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene															0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene															5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene															7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene															11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene															13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene															15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene										Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene															41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene											Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene										Gashatan					56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene															59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Pliensbachian																			184.2
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																			208.5
		Carnian																			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																			259.51
		Wordian																			264.28
		Roadian																			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																			273.01
		Artinskian																			283.5
		Sakmarian																			290.1
		Asselian																		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian																		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian																		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian																		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani		433.4
		Telychian		Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †		Pirgu	445.2
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					Pirgu	449.5
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo			Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
										Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian								470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian								477.7
							Lianghekou †					477.9 *
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
												Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
																		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Jiangshanian					489.5
										Aksaian									490.7 *
										Sakian									492.2 *
																		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Paibian					494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian				Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							Wuliuan/Taijangian					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Wuliuan/Taijangian					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian							Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian									Lenian †						510 *
			Toyonian												Dyeran			511 *
			Botomian															512.5 *
		Stage 3								Nangaoian								514
					Montezuman										514.8 *
			Atdabanian		Montezuman										515.6 *
			Atdabanian		Begadean										519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							Meishucunian					521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian												525.5
		Fortunian										Manykaian †			529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian		Manykaian †			530.7
																					538.8