PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene															Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene															Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene																0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene										Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene																5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene																7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene																11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene																13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene																15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene																33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene																37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene																41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene																56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene																59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																				145
		Kimmeridgian																				149.2
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian																				168.2
		Aalenian																				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																				174.7
		Pliensbachian																				184.2
		Sinemurian																				192.9
		Hettangian																				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																				201.4
		Norian																				208.5
		Carnian																				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											Buntsandstein									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Buntsandstein				Longtanian †					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											Ohre/Aller	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian											Leine	Wordian								264.28
		Roadian												Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												Leonardian	Cathedralian							273.01
		Kungurian													Hessian							281.9 *
		Artinskian													Hessian							283.5
		Artinskian												Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							286.1 *
		Sakmarian													Lenoxian							290.1
		Asselian													Nealian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																				298.9
		Kasimovian																				303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian	445.2				Gamachian
					Chientangkiangian	Richmondian				446 *
					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang	Richmondian				449.5
						Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian					450.4 *
						Mohawkian			Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian			Dapingian				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †				470
		Floian			Yiyangian				Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian											477.7
								Lianghekou †								477.9 *
									Stairsian							480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †				482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian														Series 3 †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian																Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan															Stage 5 †	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan															Stage 5 †	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4																Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4																Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3																Dyeran		514
																		Montezuman		514.8 *
																		Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																						538.8