PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Cambrian of North America		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian Ages of Europe	Silurian of North America			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian													Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian													Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian													Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian													Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian													Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian													Waipipian		3
		Zanclean													Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean													Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian													Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian												Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian													Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian													Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian													Lillburnian		13.82
															Clifdenian		15.1
														Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian													Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian													Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian													Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian												Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Waitakian		23.03
															Duntroonian		25.2
															Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
														Arnold	Runangan		34.6
															Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian													Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian													Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian													Bortonian		41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
															Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian													Heretaungan		47.8
															Mangaorapan		48.9
															Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Teurian		56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Mata	Haumurian	Senonian	66
		Campanian													Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian													Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian												Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
															Mangaotanean		90.5
															Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian													Arowhanan		93.9
														Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
															Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Motuan	Gallic	100.5
															Urutawan		103.3
														Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian													Korangan		113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian														Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian					Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian								Whitwellian	Lockportian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †			443.8
		Katian							Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †			445.2
		Katian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
		Sandbian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian							Darriwilian			Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian							Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian	470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian	Lianghekou †					477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †		497
		Drumian				500.5						Marjumian
		Wuliuan				Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3			514	Dyeran
					Montezuman	514.8 *
					Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																	538.8