PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Silurian of England		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian									Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan		MN 17				1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian		MN 17				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian		MN 16				2.58
											Waipipian		MN 16				3
													MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean															3.6
											Opoitian						3.7
													MN 14				4.2
													MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian											MN 12				7.246
													MN 11				7.75
													MN 10				8.7
													MN 9				9.7
										Southland	Waiauan		MN 9				11.04
													MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian											MN 7 + 8				11.63
													MN 6				12.8 *
											Lillburnian		MN 6				13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian		MN 5				13.82
											Clifdenian						15.1
										Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian											MN 4				15.98
													MN 3				16.9
											Otaian		MN 3				18.7
													MN 2				20
		Aquitanian															20.44
										Landon	Waitakian						21.7
													MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
											Duntroonian						25.2
											Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
										Arnold	Runangan						34.6
											Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian									Bortonian						41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
											Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian									Heretaungan						47.8
											Mangaorapan						48.9
											Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian						56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian					Senonian	66
		Campanian									Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
											Mangaotanean						90.5
											Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian	93.9								Arowhanan
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian		438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian				477.7
					Lianghekou †		477.9 *
					Lianghekou †		Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian		Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
							Aksaian							490.7 *
							Sakian							492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
							Ayusokkanian							Arcadian	498.4
							Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan					Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Branchian	Waucoban †	509
							Toyonian		Lenian †						510 *
							Toyonian					Dyeran			511 *
							Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3													514
												Montezuman			514.8 *
							Atdabanian								515.6 *
						Placentian							517.1
												Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian						521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †				529
																	538.8