PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean							0
				Meghalayan					Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian			Tarantian	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean						Tarantian	0.014
				Chibanian					Rancholabrean						Ionian	0.129
				Chibanian					Irvingtonian			Cudahyan/Sappan			Ionian	0.21
				Calabrian					Irvingtonian			Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
				Calabrian					Blancan			Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean					Hemphillian			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian					Clarendonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian					Clarendonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian					Barstovian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
									Hemingfordian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
									Arikareean			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
													Monroecreekian			23.1 *
													Geringian			24.7 *
				Rupelian									Geringian			27.82
									Whitneyan							29.5
									Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
				Priabonian					Duchesnean							37
				Bartonian					Duchesnean							37.71
				Bartonian					Uintan			Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian					Uintan			Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian					Bridgerian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
				Ypresian					Bridgerian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
									Wasatchian			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
									Clarkforkian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
				Thanetian					Tiffanian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
				Selandian					Tiffanian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
				Selandian					Torrejonian					To3/To2/To1		60.9
				Danian					Torrejonian					To3/To2/To1		61.6
				Danian					Puercan					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian			477.7
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
							Payntonian		486.8 *
							Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian				Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian				Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian				Idamean		Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian				Boomerangian			499
			Drumian				Undillan			500.5
			Drumian				Floran			503
			Wuliuan				Templetonian	Topazan		504.5
							Templetonian	Delamaran		506.5
							Ordian			507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian		Waucoban †	509
										510.8 *
								Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3					Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635