PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Mammal Paleogene Zones		Mesozoic Subages	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Chibanian																			0.129
		Chibanian														Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian														Castlecliffian					0.774
		Calabrian														Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian														Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian														Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Mangapanian				Villanyian	2.58
																Waipipian				Villanyian	3
																				Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean														Opoitian					3.7
	Miocene	Messinian													Taranaki	Kapitean				Turolian	5.333
		Messinian														Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian																			7.246
																				Vallesian	8.7
															Southland	Waiauan				Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian														Waiauan				Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian														Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian														Lillburnian					13.82
																Clifdenian					15.1
															Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian														Altonian				Orleanian	15.98
																Otaian				Orleanian	18.7
																				Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																			20.44
		Aquitanian													Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Waitakian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
																Duntroonian					25.2
																Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian											Kekeamuan				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
															Arnold	Runangan					34.6
																Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Kaiatan	MP 16				37.71
		Bartonian														Bortonian	MP 16				39.1
		Lutetian														Bortonian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
																Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian												Bumbanian		Heretaungan	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
																Mangaorapan					48.9
																Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Gashatan			Teurian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5			56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Mata	Haumurian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian														Haumurian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian														Piripauan			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Santonian													Raukumara	Teratan			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		86.1
		Coniacian																	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
																Mangaotanean					90.5
																Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian														Arowhanan			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
															Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
																Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Motuan			Late Albian		100.5
																Urutawan			Late Albian		103.3
																Urutawan			Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Taitai	Korangan			Middle Albian		108.4
																			Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian	113
			Late Aptian		117.5
			Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian		139.8
			Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
			Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou				Wufeng †	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian							Gamachian	445.2
			Chientangkiangian							Richmondian	446 *
			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Richmondian	449.5
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian			Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian	453
									Turinian	453.7 *
						Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo								458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †				Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian			Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian	Yiyangian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian										477.7
								Lianghekou †					477.9 *
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				485.4
																					487.5