PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127468 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Carboniferous of China	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian										Sheridanian			0.129
												Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
									Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
												Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
									Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian						2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian						3
		Zanclean							Waipipian						3.6
									Opoitian						3.7
									Opoitian			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
								Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
									Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian						13.82
									Clifdenian						15.1
								Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
									Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
													Monroecreekian		23.1 *
													Geringian		24.7 *
									Duntroonian						25.2
									Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
								Arnold	Runangan						34.6
									Kaiatan						36.7
															37
		Bartonian													37.71
									Bortonian						39.1
												Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
									Heretaungan						45.7
												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
									Mangaorapan						48.9
									Mangaorapan			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
									Waipawan			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
									Waipawan					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian												To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian												To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian	Senonian					66
		Campanian	72.1						Haumurian
		Santonian	Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
				Mangaotanean	90.5
				Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan	150
							Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	Melekhovian	251.902
										252.4 *
								Chhidru		252.9 *
							Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian			254.14
							Puruhauan			254.2
								Kalabagh		255 *
								Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian								264.28
									Noginskian	264.9 *
										265.3 *
							Barettian			266
								Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian						Amb		266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
							Mangapirian			276
									Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian								283.5
							Telfordian			285
							Telfordian		Rusavkinian	287.6 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Dorogomilovian		303.7
									Khamovnikian		304.8
				Dalaun					Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian							Myachkovian	307
									Podolskian	308.9 *
									Kashirian	311.4 *
									Vereian	313.8
			Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian		315.2
			Cheremshanian		316.9 *
			Cheremshanian	Huashibanian	318.5 *
			Prikamian		318.6 *
			Severokeltmian		319.9 *
			Lousuan	Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
			Lousuan	Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
			Shangsian	Tarusian	330.8 *
		Visean		Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Jiusian	Aleksinian	335 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
		Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian			Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian					477.7
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian				Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
															538.8