PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of China			Permian of the Salt Range	Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia		Mammal Paleogene Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Tarantian		Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Chibanian						Ionian		Middle Pleistocene					0.129
				Calabrian								Early Pleistocene					0.774
				Gelasian								Early Pleistocene					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene					2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean								Early Pliocene					3.6
			Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian								Late Miocene					7.246
				Serravallian								Middle Miocene					11.63
				Langhian								Middle Miocene					13.82
				Burdigalian								Early Miocene					15.98
				Aquitanian								Early Miocene					20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene			MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene			MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
				Bartonian								Middle Eocene			MP 16		37.71
				Lutetian								Middle Eocene			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
				Ypresian								Early Eocene			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene			MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
				Selandian								Middle Paleocene					59.2
				Danian								Early Paleocene					61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
				Induan													251.2
				Induan				Kathwai									251.5 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai									251.902
																	252.4 *
								Chhidru									252.9 *
				Wuchiapingian				Chhidru									254.14
								Kalabagh									255 *
								Wargal									256 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian													259.51
				Wordian													264.28
																	265.3 *
								Amb									266.1 *
				Roadian				Amb									266.9
				Roadian													270.7 *
Cisuralian			Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian		Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian			Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
			Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian			Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian				470
			Tremadocian			Xinchangian				477.7
									Lianghekou †	477.9 *
									Lianghekou †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian			489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian										494
			Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian							Mayan/Menevian			500.5
	Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan							509
			Toyonian							Lenian †	510 *
			Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian								514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian								521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian							Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian						720
		Tonian						Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						Karatau			1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan			1375
																	1400