PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of China	Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of Eastern North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6								0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5								11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian				Cenozoic 3					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2								41.2
		Ypresian				Cenozoic 2						Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1					Gashatan			56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1								192.9
		Hettangian				Jurassic 1								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian				Triassic 4								208.5
		Carnian				Triassic 3								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2								273.01
		Artinskian												283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			315.2
			Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian					Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian					Guniu †/Hulo		Ordovician 3	458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian					Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	Ordovician 3	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian							Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian							Ordovician 2	470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian							Ordovician 1	477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian						Lianghekou †	Ordovician 1	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3								Cambrian 2	Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1			529
														538.8