PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of Britain		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Silurian of England
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian													0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian													0.129
				Ensenadan													0.3 *
										Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian							0.774
										Nukumaruan							1.63
				Sanandresian	Uquian †												1.7 *
		Gelasian															1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean													2.58
				Chapadmalalan													2.9 *
										Waipipian							3
		Zanclean								Waipipian							3.6
				Montehermosan						Opoitian							3.7 *
				Huayquerian						Opoitian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
				Chasicoan													7.9 *
				Mayoan													9.9 *
				Laventan													10.9 *
									Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian								Waiauan							11.63
										Lillburnian							13.05
				Colloncuran													13.7 *
		Langhian															13.82
										Clifdenian							15.1
				Friasian						Clifdenian							15.4 *
									Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
				Santacrucian													16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian													17.4 *
										Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian															20.44
				Deseadan													20.9 *
									Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian							23.03
										Duntroonian							25.2
										Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican													28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
									Arnold	Runangan							34.6
				Divisaderan						Runangan							35.9 *
										Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian								Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian															41.2
				Mustersan													41.9 *
									Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
										Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian															47.8
				Casamayoran													47.9 *
										Mangaorapan							48.9
										Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican						Teurian							56
				Itaboraian													56.9 *
				Peligran													58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan													62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata		Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara		Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence		Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian	Buildwas					426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian	Buildwas					427.4
		Homerian	Wych				Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian					Ashgill	Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
									Cautleyan				448.9 *
			Eastonian						Cautleyan				449 *
									Pusgillian				449.3 *
					Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †				449.6 *
								Streffordian			Berounian		449.7 *
								Cheneyan					451.5 *
			Gisbornian					Cheneyan					452 *
								Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian		453
				Actonian †					453.2 *
				Marshbrookian †					Woolstonian †				454.2 *
				Longvillian †									455.2 *
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Aurelucian							456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian											457.4 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn										458.4
											Dobrotivian				458.5 *
											Oretanian				459.7 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn										461.3 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian									Klabava †			467.3
											Arenigian				468
				Arenig	Fennian										468.4 *
			Castlemainian												468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian												470
			Chewtonian		Whitlandian										471.1 *
			Bendigonian												471.8 *
			Lancefieldian												473.5 *
					Moridunian										474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian						Tremadocian				477.7
					Cressagian	480.8 *
			Warendian		Cressagian	482.8 *
			Warendian			485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan					485.4
		Stage 10									Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Festiniogian					489.5
		Jiangshanian									Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids										497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai										509
	Series 2	Stage 3														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																	538.8