PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of Siberia		Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean							0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian						0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean							0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean							0.129
						Irvingtonian							0.21
							Ensenadan						0.3 *
				Calabrian									0.774
						Blancan							1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
				Gelasian			Sanandresian						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean						2.58
				Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
				Zanclean			Chapadmalalan						3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
						Hemphillian	Montehermosan						4.7
							Huayquerian						4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
							Chasicoan						7.9 *
						Clarendonian	Chasicoan						9.4
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
				Serravallian									11.63
						Barstovian							12.5
							Colloncuran						13.7 *
				Langhian			Colloncuran						13.82
				Langhian			Friasian						15.4 *
				Burdigalian			Friasian						15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
						Hemingfordian	Santacrucian						16.3
						Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
						Arikareean							18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
				Aquitanian			Deseadan						20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
							Tinguirirican						28.9 *
						Whitneyan							29.5
						Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian							33.9
						Chadronian	Divisaderan						35.9 *
						Duchesnean							37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean							37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian									41.2
							Mustersan						41.9 *
						Bridgerian							46.2
				Ypresian									47.8
							Casamayoran						47.9 *
						Wasatchian							50.5
						Clarkforkian							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian	Riochican						56
						Tiffanian	Riochican						56.2
							Itaboraian						56.9 *
							Peligran						58.9 *
				Selandian									59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian							60.9
				Danian									61.6
							Tiupampan						62.4 *
						Puercan	Tiupampan						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
Campanian				72.1
Santonian				83.6
Coniacian				86.3
Turonian				89.8
Cenomanian				93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	100.5
			Aptian	113
			Barremian	121.4
			Hauterivian	125.77
			Valanginian	132.6
			Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Wordian	Noginskian	264.9 *
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
			Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian	303.7
				Khamovnikian	304.8
				Krevyakinian	305.8 *
			Moscovian	Myachkovian	307
				Podolskian	308.9 *
				Kashirian	311.4 *
				Vereian	313.8
				Melekessian	314.8
			Bashkirian	Melekessian	315.2
				Cheremshanian	316.9 *
				Prikamian	318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
			Visean	Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
			Pragian		Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	443.8
			Katian				Bolindian	445.2
							Eastonian	449 *
							Gisbornian	452 *
Sandbian			453				Gisbornian
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Darriwilian				458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian				467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian				468.5 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Chewtonian				470
			Bendigonian				471.8 *
			Lancefieldian				473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian				477.7
			Warendian				482.8 *
			Warendian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			489.5
							Aksaian			490.7 *
							Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian								494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan			509
							Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian			514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian			521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
													1400