PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Permian Subages of Germany	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean											0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Nihewanian			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean											0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean											0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian											0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian											0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan											1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Yushean	Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
						Hemphillian											4.7
														Baodean			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
						Clarendonian											9.4
														Tunggurian			11.1
				Serravallian													11.63
				Serravallian		Barstovian											12.5
				Langhian										Shanwangian			13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
						Hemingfordian											16.3
						Hemingfordian								Xiejiaan			16.9
						Arikareean											18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
						Whitneyan											29.5
						Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian											33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean											37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian											47.8
						Wasatchian											50.5
						Clarkforkian											54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian											56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian											56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian											59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian											60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian											61.6
				Danian		Puercan											63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan							145
				Kimmeridgian					Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan							150
										Heterian							154.5
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
Temaikan				Callovian	164.3
				Bathonian	165.3
				Bajocian	168.2
				Aalenian	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
Herangi				Toarcian	Ururoan		176
				Pliensbachian	Ururoan		184.2
				Pliensbachian	Aratauran		188.9
				Sinemurian			192.9
				Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
			Norian		Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
			Carnian		Oretian		227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
			Ladinian		Etalian		238
			Anisian		Etalian		242
			Anisian		Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
			Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Buntsandstein	Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian			Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Ohre/Aller		Aparima	Flettian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian		Leine			Flettian			264.28
								Barettian			266
									Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian						Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian		273.01
								Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
									Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian	Autunian							283.5
								Telfordian			285
								Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
									Yakhtashian		288.5
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian						Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare					419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma					421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare					423
			Ludfordian			Paadla					423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula					427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu					429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu					430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani					431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani					433.4
			Telychian			Adavere					434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere					438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula					439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula					440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru					441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian						443.8
			Katian			Bolindian						445.2
						Eastonian						449 *
						Gisbornian						452 *
			Sandbian			Gisbornian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian						458.4
			Dapingian			Yapeenian						467.3
			Dapingian			Castlemainian						468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian						470
						Bendigonian						471.8 *
						Lancefieldian						473.5 *
			Tremadocian			Lancefieldian						477.7
			Tremadocian			Warendian						482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
Drumian			500.5
Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							504.5
Series 2		Stage 4										509
Series 2		Stage 3										514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2										521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635