PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	European Faunal Units	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian			Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian		Ruscinian			Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean		Ruscinian			Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian			Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian		Turolian				7.246
		Tortonian		Vallesian				8.7
		Serravallian		Astaracian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian		Astaracian			Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian		Orleanian			Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian		Agenian				20
		Aquitanian		Agenian				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan		150
						Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan	251.2			Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Barettian	266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian		443.8
		Katian		Bolindian		445.2
				Eastonian		449 *
				Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian		467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		470
				Bendigonian		471.8 *
				Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian		482.8 *
								485.4