PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Carboniferous of North America	Mesozoic Subages		Central Paratethys Stages
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian										Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian										Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian										Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic						Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian			113
		Aptian								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian			174.7
										Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
										Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian								Sevatian			208.5
										Alaunian			213.2 *
										Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian			227
		Carnian								Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian			237
		Ladinian								Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian			242
										Pelsonian			243.8 *
										Bithynian			244.7 *
										Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian								Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan								Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		410.8
				Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Bolindian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Eastonian	Kralodvorian		449 *
						Eastonian	Berounian		449.7 *
						Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian					458.4
							Dobrotivian				458.5 *
							Oretanian				459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Yapeenian		Klabava †			467.3
						Yapeenian	Arenigian				468
						Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian					470
						Bendigonian					471.8 *
			Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian			Tremadocian		Ungurian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian			Tremadocian		Ungurian			482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian			485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian						Sakian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian									499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian			504.5
		Wuliuan									505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4									509
								Toyonian			510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian			514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian			521
													525.5