PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian								Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene		Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian								Late Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian										Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian										Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene		Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian								Middle Miocene		Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene		Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian										Agenian	20
		Aquitanian										Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
					Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
						440.7 *
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian				443.8
		Katian	Bolindian				445.2
			Eastonian				449 *
			Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian	Gisbornian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian				458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian				467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian				470
			Bendigonian				471.8 *
			Lancefieldian				473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian				Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian				Ungurian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian			489.5
							Aksaian				490.7 *
							Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian						Paibian			494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian						Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian	Drumian			500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian	Drumian			503
		Wuliuan					Tuesaian	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian			505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
							Toyonian				510 *
							Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian	Nangaoian			514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian	Nangaoian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian	Meishucunian			521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian			530.7
													538.8