PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Australia	Permian of Western Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian Subages of Germany	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of North America
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian									Bumbanian			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Gashatan				56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
						Planulata								179.3 *
						Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
						Kanense								181.3 *
						Carlottense								182.3 *
						Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae								184.2
						Freboldi								185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian												192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Buntsandstein					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein				Buntsandstein					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes				Ohre/Aller			Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian							Leine			Wordian		264.28
		Roadian										Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian											Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Autunian								Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian										Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian											Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian											Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
		Kasimovian												303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian	Bolindian	445.2
			Eastonian	449 *
			Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian	Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	470
			Bendigonian	471.8 *
			Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian						Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian							486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian							489.5
		Paibian		Idamean							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan						Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian							499
		Drumian		Undillan							500.5
		Drumian		Floran							503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian							504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian			Early Cambrian			509
		Stage 4				510.8 *
		Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
														538.8