PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126949 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of China		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Australia	Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian		100.5
																		Middle Albian		106.2 *
																		Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian														Late Aptian		113
				Aptian														Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																		Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras							Late Bajocian		168.2
											Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							Late Bajocian		168.4
											Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							Late Toarcian		174.7
											Planulata									179.3 *
													Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
																		Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
											Kanense									181.3 *
											Carlottense									182.3 *
											Carlottense							Early Toarcian		182.9 *
											Kunae							Early Toarcian		183.5 *
				Pliensbachian							Kunae							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
											Freboldi									185.1 *
											Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
												Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
											Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
				Sinemurian														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
											Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
											Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
				Hettangian							Franziceras/Euphyllites							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian														Sevatian		208.5
																		Alaunian		213.2 *
																		Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian														Tuvalian		227
				Carnian														Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														Longobardian		237
				Ladinian														Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian														Illyrian		242
																		Pelsonian		243.8 *
																		Bithynian		244.7 *
																		Aegean		245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian														Spathian		247.2
				Olenekian														Smithian		248.9 *
				Induan														Dienerian		251.2
				Induan														Griesbachian		251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein		Meishanian										251.902
				Changhsingian						Baoqingian										253.4 *
Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian				300.1
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †				443.8
			Katian				Bolindian	Chientangkiangian						445.2
							Eastonian	Chientangkiangian						449 *
							Eastonian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
							Gisbornian							452 *
			Sandbian				Gisbornian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
			Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
			Dapingian				Yapeenian	Dapingian						467.3
			Dapingian				Castlemainian	Dapingian						468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian	Yiyangian						470
							Bendigonian					471.8 *
							Lancefieldian					473.5 *
			Tremadocian					Xinchangian			477.7
										Lianghekou †	477.9 *
							Warendian			Lianghekou †	482.8 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Datsonian				485.4
			Stage 10					Niuchehean		Payntonian				486.8 *
			Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian		Iverian				489.5
			Paibian					Paibian		Idamean				494
			Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Idamean				494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Mindyallan				497
			Guzhangian					Guzhangian		Boomerangian				499
			Drumian					Drumian		Undillan				500.5
			Drumian					Drumian		Floran				503
			Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian		Templetonian				504.5
			Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian		Ordian				507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian		Ordian				509
			Stage 4					Duyunian						510.8 *
	Stage 3		Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian					530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																				635