PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of China			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4			Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Cenozoic 3			Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2			Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian	Cenozoic 2			Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan		Cenozoic 1			Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian							Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian							Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Cretaceous 4	Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian							Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian			113
		Aptian							Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian							Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian							Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian							Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian							Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian							Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian			174.7
										Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
										Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian							Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian							Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian								Sevatian			208.5
										Alaunian			213.2 *
										Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian							Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian							Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian			Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Bolindian				Chientangkiangian				445.2
			Eastonian				Chientangkiangian				449 *
			Eastonian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Gisbornian								452 *
		Sandbian	Gisbornian							Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		Ordovician 3	458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	Ordovician 3	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian				Dapingian			Ordovician 2	467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian				Dapingian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian				Yiyangian				470
			Bendigonian								471.8 *
			Lancefieldian								473.5 *
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian			Ordovician 1	477.7
									Lianghekou †		477.9 *
			Warendian						Lianghekou †		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian								Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan								Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3								Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1	529
													538.8