PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of Britain				Mesozoic Subages		Precambrian of Russia	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Lutetian																41.2
				Ypresian															Bumbanian	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														Gashatan		56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
				Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian										100.5
										Middle Albian										106.2 *
										Early Albian										109.9 *
				Aptian						Late Aptian										113
				Aptian						Early Aptian										119.5 *
				Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian						Late Berriasian										139.8
										Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
										Early Berriasian										142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
				Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
				Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
				Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian						Late Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras							168.2
										Late Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
										Early Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.6 *
				Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
													Planulata							179.3 *
															Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
										Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
													Kanense							181.3 *
													Carlottense							182.3 *
										Early Toarcian			Carlottense							182.9 *
										Early Toarcian			Kunae							183.5 *
				Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Kunae							184.2
													Freboldi							185.1 *
													Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
														Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
													Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
				Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
													Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
													Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
				Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian						Sevatian										208.5
										Alaunian										213.2 *
										Lacian										216.7 *
				Carnian						Tuvalian										227
				Carnian						Julian										233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian										237
				Ladinian						Fassanian										239.7 *
				Anisian						Illyrian										242
Pelsonian					243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian		Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian			305.9
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
			Telychian			Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
			Katian					Rawtheyan		Gamachian		445.2
								Rawtheyan		Richmondian		446 *
								Cautleyan				448.9 *
						Eastonian		Cautleyan				449 *
								Pusgillian				449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †				449.6 *
										Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
										Edenian						450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
								Cheneyan					451.5 *
						Gisbornian		Cheneyan					452 *
								Burrellian					452.7 *
			Sandbian										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
										Turinian		Actonian †	453.7 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †		454.2 *
												Longvillian †			455.2 *
								Aurelucian							456.8 *
									Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
			Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
			Dapingian			Yapeenian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								467.3
						Yapeenian	Arenig	Fennian								468.4 *
Castlemainian				468.5 *
Castlemainian				Rangerian		469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Chewtonian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †					470
			Chewtonian					Whitlandian							471.1 *
			Bendigonian												471.8 *
			Lancefieldian												473.5 *
						Tulean									473.9 *
								Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian							477.7
						Stairsian		Migneintian							480.3 *
						Stairsian		Cressagian							480.8 *
					Skullrockian	Demingian †				482 *
			Warendian							482.8 *
			Warendian							485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Stage 10												487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan	1375
																				1400