PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene		Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian							Late Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene		Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian									Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian									Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene		Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene		Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene		Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian									Agenian	20
		Aquitanian									Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
					Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
						440.7 *
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian				443.8
		Katian	Bolindian				445.2
			Eastonian				449 *
			Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian	Gisbornian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian				458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian				467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian				470
			Bendigonian				471.8 *
			Lancefieldian				473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian				482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian					Paibian			494
		Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian					Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian			530.7
												538.8