PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian	3
		Zanclean											Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian											Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan	11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Waitakian	23.03
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian	41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian							Bumbanian				Heretaungan	47.8
													Mangaorapan	48.9
													Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan					Teurian	56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Senonian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian											Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian											Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
													Mangaotanean	90.5
													Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian											Arowhanan	93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
													Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Gallic			Motuan	100.5
													Urutawan	103.3
												Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian											Korangan	113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian								Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian			Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
						Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian						303.7
					Khamovnikian						304.8
					Khamovnikian					Cantabrian	305 *
					Krevyakinian						305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian		Middle Pennsylvanian				307
					Myachkovian	Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Podolskian				308.9 *	Westphalian D
					Podolskian			Westphalian C	309.8
					Kashirian				311.4 *
					Vereian				313.8
					Vereian			Westphalian B	314.6
					Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
					Cheremshanian				316.9 *
					Cheremshanian			Westphalian A	317 *
					Prikamian			Westphalian A	318.6 *
					Prikamian	Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Severokeltmian			Yeadonian	319.9 *
					Severokeltmian			Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian			Marsdenian	321.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian			Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Voznesenian			Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian		Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
					Zapaltjubian			Arnsbergian	324 *
					Protvian				324.4 *
					Steshevian				326.8 *
					Steshevian			Pendleian	327.4 *
			Tarusian	329 *				Pendleian
		Visean	Venevian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Mikhailovian				331.9 *
			Aleksinian				333.7 *
			Tulian				335.8 *
			Tulian	Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
			Bobrikian	Livian	Asbian †		339.9 *
			Bobrikian	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Radaevkian	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
			Kizelian				350.7 *
			Cherepetian				351.9 *
			Cherepetian	Hastarian			353.7 *
			Karakubian				354.4 *
			Upinian				356.3 *
			Malevkian				357.6 *
			Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian	445.2
								Eastonian	449 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian						Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian						Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian						Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian	470
								Bendigonian	471.8 *
								Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian						Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian						Warendian	482.8 *
														485.4