PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Australia	Permian Subages of Germany	Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia		Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian		Late Pleistocene						0.0117
				Chibanian				Ionian		Middle Pleistocene						0.129
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene						0.774
				Gelasian						Early Pleistocene						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene						2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene						3.6
			Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian						Late Miocene						7.246
				Serravallian						Middle Miocene						11.63
				Langhian						Middle Miocene						13.82
				Burdigalian						Early Miocene						15.98
				Aquitanian						Early Miocene						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene			MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene			MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene			MP 16			37.71
				Lutetian						Middle Eocene			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene			MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene						59.2
				Danian						Early Paleocene						61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein										251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein										254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller										259.51
				Wordian		Leine										264.28
				Roadian												266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
				Artinskian												283.5
				Sakmarian												290.1
				Asselian												293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian							298.9
				Gzhelian											Xiaodushanian	300 *
				Kasimovian											Xiaodushanian	303.7
				Kasimovian											Dalaun	305.8 *
Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
					Huashibanian		318.5 *
					Lousuan		321.2 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian		323.2
			Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian		330.9
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	Jiusian		335 *
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	443.8
			Katian				Bolindian	445.2
							Eastonian	449 *
							Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian				Gisbornian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	458.4
			Dapingian				Yapeenian	467.3
			Dapingian				Castlemainian	468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian	470
							Bendigonian	471.8 *
							Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian				Lancefieldian	477.7
							Warendian	482.8 *
							Warendian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian								494
			Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			500.5
			Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan			509
								Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
	Stage 3		514					Botomian
	Stage 3		Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian						521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian						Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						Karatau				1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan				1375
																1400