PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of Siberia			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of North America						Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene														0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene														0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene									Tertiary †					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene														5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene														7.246
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene														11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene														13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene														15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene										MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene										MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene										MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene										MP 16				37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene										MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene										MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene										MP 6	MP 1 - 5			56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene														59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian																			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian																			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian																			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian																			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			Late Albian		100.5
																					Middle Albian		106.2 *
																					Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian																			Late Aptian		113
		Aptian																			Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian																			Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian																			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian																			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian																			Late Berriasian		139.8
																					Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																					Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian																			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian																			Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian																			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian																				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian																			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian								Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites											Late Bajocian		168.2
											Humphresianum										Late Bajocian		168.4
											Humphresianum										Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian								Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense										Late Toarcian		174.7
																					Late Toarcian		180.1
																					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
										Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum											Middle Toarcian		182
										Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum											Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni											Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian								Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi											Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian								Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis											Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																					201.4
		Norian																			Sevatian		208.5
																					Alaunian		213.2 *
																					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian																			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian																			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	Cincinnatian			Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									445.2	Gamachian
											Richmondian	446 *
								Eastonian			Richmondian	449 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
								Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian								453
										Turinian	453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian						Yapeenian					467.3
								Castlemainian					468.5 *
								Castlemainian		Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
								Bendigonian						471.8 *
								Lancefieldian						473.5 *
										Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
								Warendian						482.8 *
								Warendian						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian				485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
						Aksaian		490.7 *
						Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian						494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian						Series 3 †				497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian										499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian										500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Amgan/Solvan											509
						Toyonian		Lenian †									510 *
						Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian											514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian											515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian											521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian											525.5
		Fortunian		Manykaian †	529	Nemakit-Daldynian
																							538.8