PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian											Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5									11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3									33.9
		Bartonian				Cenozoic 3									37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2									41.2
		Ypresian				Cenozoic 2									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1									56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian		Cretaceous 4									100.5
				Middle Albian											106.2 *
				Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3									113
		Aptian		Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3									119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
				Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
				Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5									149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian											174.7
				Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
				Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2									184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1									192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4									201.4
		Norian		Sevatian											208.5
				Alaunian											213.2 *
				Lacian											216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		Triassic 3									227
		Carnian		Julian		Triassic 3									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian				Ordovician 5	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
				Eastonian						Cautleyan	449 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan					451.5 *
				Gisbornian	Cheneyan					452 *
					Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian						Ordovician 4		453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian					Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Yapeenian	Ordovician 2				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
				Yapeenian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
				Castlemainian								468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian								470
				Chewtonian					Whitlandian			471.1 *
				Bendigonian								471.8 *
				Lancefieldian								473.5 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Ordovician 1			Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
									Cressagian			480.8 *
				Warendian					Cressagian			482.8 *
				Warendian								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian	494										Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian							Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran							Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Dyeran								514
					Montezuman								514.8 *
					Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
															538.8