PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5												11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4										Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian				Cenozoic 3										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian				Cenozoic 2											Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1										Gashatan		56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	Senonian											66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian		Cretaceous 4	Gallic											100.5
				Middle Albian														106.2 *
				Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3												113
		Aptian		Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3												119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2	Neocomian											125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian														139.8
				Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
				Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6												145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5												149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4												165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras							168.2
				Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
				Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
											Planulata							179.3 *
													Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
											Kanense							181.3 *
											Carlottense							182.3 *
				Early Toarcian							Carlottense							182.9 *
				Early Toarcian							Kunae							183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2					Kunae							184.2
											Freboldi							185.1 *
											Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
								189.2 *				Tetraspidoceras
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras						Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian							208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	Triassic 3						227
		Carnian	Julian	Triassic 3						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2						237
		Ladinian	Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1						247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian								Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			Cayugan				Ohesaare	419.2
					Kaugetuma		Cayugan				421.7 *
					Kaugetuma		Niagaran				422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare						423
		Ludfordian			Paadla						423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Lockportian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	Ontarian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
											Raikkula		439.4 *
					Medinan		Clinton						440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian	Ordovician 5								Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian												Gamachian	445.2
														Richmondian	446 *
				Eastonian				449 *						Richmondian
								Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian	451.1 *
				Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4				453
								Turinian	453.7 *
						Whiterockian			Canadian †				Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian	Ordovician 2									467.3
				Castlemainian										468.5 *
				Castlemainian				Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		Ibexian		Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
				Bendigonian											471.8 *
				Lancefieldian											473.5 *
								Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Ordovician 1			Tulean							477.7
								Stairsian							480.3 *
			Skullrockian					Demingian †						482 *
				Warendian				Demingian †						482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5									485.4
		Stage 10												487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4									497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3									509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1					529
																		538.8