PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5							11.63
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Cenozoic 4							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3							33.9
		Bartonian		Cenozoic 3							37.71
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Ypresian		Cenozoic 2							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1							56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4		Late Albian					100.5
						Middle Albian					106.2 *
						Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian					113
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian					139.8
						Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
						Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian		Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian					174.7
						Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
						Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian				Sevatian					208.5
						Alaunian					213.2 *
						Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian		Triassic 3		Tuvalian					227
		Carnian		Triassic 3		Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Late Famennian			358.9
					Middle Famennian			365.3 *
					Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4		Late Frasnian			372.2
					Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Late Givetian			382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2		Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian				Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Bolindian					445.2
			Eastonian					449 *
			Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian	Gisbornian				Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3	458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian				Ordovician 2	467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian					470
			Bendigonian					471.8 *
			Lancefieldian					473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian				Ordovician 1	477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian				Ordovician 1	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran			Cambrian 2	514
				Montezuman				514.8 *
				Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1	529
											538.8