PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128015 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of North America						Devonian of Germany	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Serravallian																			11.63
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian														33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan														37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan														56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan											150
										Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan											176
		Pliensbachian								Ururoan											184.2
		Pliensbachian								Aratauran											188.9
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
		Norian								Warepan											208.5
										Otamitan											217
										Oretian											221
		Carnian								Oretian											227
		Carnian							Gore	Kaihikuan											227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Kaihikuan											237
		Ladinian								Etalian											238
		Anisian								Etalian											242
		Anisian								Malakovian											246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Malakovian											247.2
		Olenekian								Nelsonian											249
		Induan								Nelsonian											251.2
		Induan							DUrville	Makarewan											251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Makarewan											251.902
		Changhsingian								Waiitian											253.2
		Wuchiapingian								Waiitian								Zechstein		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Puruhauan								Zechstein		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Aparima	Flettian								Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian	264.28							Flettian
		Wordian	Barettian	266
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Kungurian	Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian	Mangapirian	Autunian	283.5
			Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Adorf	Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	Late Givetian		382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Eifelian	Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian				Eifelian	Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian				Emsian	Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian				Siegen	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian		410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian		Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
									Kralodvorian		Richmondian		446 *
									Berounian		Richmondian		449.7 *
											Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian			450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian									Chatfieldian			453
											Turinian			453.7 *
											Turinian			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Whiterockian			Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian															458.4
									Dobrotivian								458.5 *
									Oretanian								459.7 *
												Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †					467.3
									Arenigian								468
											Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian									Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tremadocian		Tulean							477.7
											Stairsian							480.3 *
											Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Skullrockian							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																	Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		Marjumian													Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian														500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †														Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran	Stage 5 †														506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran														Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran															511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran															514
				Montezuman															514.8 *
				Begadean															519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
																					538.8