PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Mesozoic Subages		Permian of Western Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian					Pannonian							7.246
				Tortonian					Pannonian						Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian					Sarmatian						Clarendonian	11.63
									Sarmatian						Barstovian	12.5
									Badenian							12.8 *
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian											Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
				Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
				Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
				Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian				100.5
												Middle Albian				106.2 *
												Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian								Late Aptian				113
				Aptian								Early Aptian				119.5 *
				Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
				Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
				Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
				Berriasian								Late Berriasian				139.8
												Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
												Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
				Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
Early Kimmeridgian				Kimmeridgian	152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		Late Bajocian	168.2
						Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
						Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
			Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
							Late Toarcian	180.1
							Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Middle Toarcian	182
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian				Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian				Tuvalian	227
			Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
			Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan				Dienerian	251.2
			Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian					Autunian	283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian						443.8
			Katian		Kralodvorian						Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian		Berounian							449.7 *
			Sandbian									453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †						458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
					Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Oretanian							459.7 *
						Sarka †							461.7 *
			Dapingian			Klabava †							467.3
			Dapingian		Arenigian								468
		Early Ordovician	Floian	470	Arenigian
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Datsonian							485.4
			Stage 10			Payntonian							486.8 *
			Jiangshanian			Iverian							489.5
			Paibian			Idamean							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Mindyallan							497
			Guzhangian			Boomerangian							499
			Drumian			Undillan							500.5
			Drumian			Floran							503
			Wuliuan			Templetonian							504.5
			Wuliuan			Ordian							507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian							509
			Stage 4										510.8 *
			Stage 3										514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
Fortunian		Terreneuvian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
																1400