PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of Australia	Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian			Lujanian		Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian									Sheridanian							0.129
											Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
														Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian																0.774
											Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Vorohuean		Yushean	Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian												Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean												Chapadmalalan				3.6
														Montehermosan				3.7 *
											Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan				4.7
														Huayquerian		Baodean		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
														Chasicoan				7.9 *
											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan				9.4
														Mayoan				9.9 *
														Laventan				10.9 *
																Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian																11.63
											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
														Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran		Shanwangian		13.82
		Langhian												Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian												Friasian				15.98
														Santacrucian				16.2 *
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
																Xiejiaan		16.9
														Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
												Monroecreekian						23.1 *
												Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan									27.82
														Tinguirirican				28.9 *
																		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan				35.9 *
																		37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian																41.2
														Mustersan				41.9 *
											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian								47.8
														Casamayoran				47.9 *
											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican				56
													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican				56.2
														Itaboraian				56.9 *
														Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																59.2
		Selandian											To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian																61.6
														Tiupampan				62.4 *
													Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian	Bolindian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Kralodvorian	Eastonian		449 *
					Berounian	Eastonian		449.7 *
						Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian				458.4
					Dobrotivian					458.5 *
					Oretanian					459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †	Yapeenian			467.3
					Arenigian		Yapeenian			468
							Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian			470
							Bendigonian			471.8 *
							Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian		Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian		Warendian			482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian				485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																		538.8