PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China		Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian															Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian															Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Yushean						Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
																	Hemphillian	4.7
										Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian									7.246
																	Clarendonian	9.4
										Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian							Sarmatian									11.63
									Sarmatian								Barstovian	12.5
									Badenian									12.8 *
		Langhian								Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
										Xiejiaan							Hemingfordian	16.9
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian															Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian				100.5
														Middle Albian				106.2 *
														Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian				113
		Aptian												Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian				139.8
														Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
														Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian		150
				Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian		176
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian		Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan			217
				Oretian			221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian		227.5
					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
				Etalian	Longobardian		238
					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
					Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian		249
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
					Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan				254.2
				Puruhauan				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			Urzhumian			264.28
		Wordian		Barettian			Urzhumian			266
		Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
				Mangapirian				Irenian/Ufimian		276
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
				Telfordian				Sarginian		285
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
								Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
								Uskalykian		294.8
								Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian				Wych				Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian						443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian						Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian							449.7 *
		Sandbian											453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
						Dobrotivian									458.5 *
						Oretanian									459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian									468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470	Arenigian
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †			497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †			504.5
																		509