PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian Epochs	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian									0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian								Villanyian	2.58
								Waipipian								Villanyian	3
																Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean						Opoitian									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean								Turolian	5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian													Pannonian		7.246
																Vallesian	8.7
							Southland	Waiauan								Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian													Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
															Badenian		12.8 *
								Lillburnian							Badenian		13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian									13.82
								Clifdenian									15.1
							Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian						Altonian								Orleanian	15.98
								Otaian								Orleanian	18.7
																Agenian	20
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian									23.03
								Duntroonian									25.2
								Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
							Arnold	Runangan									34.6
								Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan									37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian									41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
								Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan									47.8
								Mangaorapan									48.9
								Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian									56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian									66
		Campanian						Haumurian									72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan									83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
								Mangaotanean									90.5
								Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan									93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
								Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan									100.5
								Urutawan									103.3
							Taitai	Korangan									108.4
		Aptian						Korangan									113
		Aptian		117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	Bursumian †	293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian	Buildwas							426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian	Buildwas							427.4
		Homerian	Wych						Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian							443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian							Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian								449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
			Dobrotivian										458.5 *
			Oretanian										459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian										468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																	538.8