PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean					0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean					0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean					0.014
				Chibanian										Rancholabrean					0.129
				Chibanian										Irvingtonian					0.21
				Calabrian										Irvingtonian					0.774
				Calabrian										Blancan					1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean															3.6
				Zanclean										Hemphillian					4.7
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian										Clarendonian					9.4
				Serravallian										Clarendonian					11.63
				Serravallian										Barstovian					12.5
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
														Hemingfordian					16.3
														Arikareean					18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
				Rupelian															27.82
														Whitneyan					29.5
														Orellan					31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian					33.9
				Priabonian										Duchesnean					37
				Bartonian										Duchesnean					37.71
				Bartonian										Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian										Uintan					41.2
				Lutetian										Bridgerian					46.2
				Ypresian										Bridgerian					47.8
														Wasatchian					50.5
														Clarkforkian					54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian					56
				Thanetian										Tiffanian					56.2
				Selandian										Tiffanian					59.2
				Selandian										Torrejonian					60.9
				Danian										Torrejonian					61.6
				Danian										Puercan					63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian		283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
			Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian		443.8
			Katian					Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian					Berounian			449.7 *
			Sandbian								453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
Dobrotivian								458.5 *
Oretanian								459.7 *
					Sarka †					461.7 *
			Dapingian		Klabava †					467.3
Arenigian			Dapingian							468
Arenigian		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
Tremadocian		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
													Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
													Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian		489.5
				Steptoean										493 *
													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian						Albertian †		St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian											500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan											Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran											Stage 5 †	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran						Waucoban †		Caerfai				509
		Stage 4		Dyeran												511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran												514
				Montezuman												514.8 *
				Begadean												519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †				Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †				Wonokan †		571.7 *
																			635