PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene															Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene															Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene																0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene										Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene																5.333
		Tortonian					Late Miocene																7.246
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene																11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene																13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene																15.98
		Aquitanian					Early Miocene																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene																33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene																37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene																41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene																56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene																59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																					66
		Campanian																					72.1
		Santonian																					83.6
		Coniacian																					86.3
		Turonian																					89.8
		Cenomanian																					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																					100.5
		Aptian																					113
		Barremian																					121.4
		Hauterivian																					125.77
		Valanginian																					132.6
		Berriasian																					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																					145
		Kimmeridgian																					149.2
		Oxfordian																					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																					161.5
		Bathonian																					165.3
		Bajocian																					168.2
		Aalenian																					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																					174.7
		Pliensbachian																					184.2
		Sinemurian																					192.9
		Hettangian																					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																					201.4
		Norian																					208.5
		Carnian																					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												Buntsandstein									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												Buntsandstein				Longtanian †					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												Ohre/Aller	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian												Leine	Wordian								264.28
		Roadian													Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													Leonardian	Cathedralian							273.01
		Kungurian														Hessian							281.9 *
		Artinskian														Hessian							283.5
		Artinskian													Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							286.1 *
		Sakmarian														Lenoxian							290.1
		Asselian														Nealian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																					298.9
		Kasimovian																					303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Gamachian	445.2
					Kralodvorian			Richmondian	446 *
					Berounian			Richmondian	449.7 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
								Turinian		Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Whiterockian			Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
							Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
					Dobrotivian								458.5 *
					Oretanian								459.7 *
							Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †						467.3
					Arenigian								468
								Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian		Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †				470
		Floian						Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian			Tulean									477.7
								Stairsian									480.3 *
								Skullrockian					Demingian †				482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																	Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian															Series 3 †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian																	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan																Stage 5 †	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan																Stage 5 †	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4																	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4																	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3												514					Dyeran
														Montezuman					514.8 *
														Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																	529
																							538.8