PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian									Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian						2.58
		Piacenzian									Waipipian						3
		Zanclean									Waipipian						3.6
		Zanclean									Opoitian						3.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian									Tongaporutuan						7.246
		Tortonian								Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian									Waiauan						11.63
		Serravallian									Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian						13.82
											Clifdenian						15.1
										Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian									Altonian						15.98
		Burdigalian									Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian									Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
											Duntroonian						25.2
											Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian													Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
										Arnold	Runangan						34.6
											Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian									Bortonian						41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
											Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian									Heretaungan					Bumbanian	47.8
											Mangaorapan						48.9
											Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian				Gashatan		56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian									Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
											Mangaotanean						90.5
											Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan						93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
											Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan						100.5
											Urutawan						103.3
										Taitai	Korangan						108.4
		Aptian									Korangan						113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Pirgu	445.2
						Kralodvorian			Vormsi	449.6 *
						Berounian			Vormsi	449.7 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
			Zahorany †/Vinice						Haljala		Letna †	456.2 *
									Kukruse			456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
			Liben †									458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
						Dobrotivian						458.5 *
						Dobrotivian			Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Oretanian			Lasnamagi			459.7 *
									Aseri			460.4 *
			Sarka †						Aseri			461.7 *
							Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †										467.3
						Arenigian							468
									Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
									Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian						Hunneberg				477.7
									Varangu				481.3 *
									Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort	Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
													Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
													Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								St Davids				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan												Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Caerfai				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4												Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3												Dyeran		514
														Montezuman		514.8 *
														Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																	538.8