PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia					Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian										Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian													Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian													Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian													Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic	Late Albian							100.5
									Middle Albian							106.2 *
									Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian							113
		Aptian							Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian						Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian							139.8
									Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
									Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
									Late Bajocian					Humphresianum		168.4
									Early Bajocian					Humphresianum		168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
									Late Toarcian							180.1
									Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
									Middle Toarcian				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
									Early Toarcian				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian							Sevatian							208.5
									Alaunian							213.2 *
									Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian							227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Griesbachian	251.4 *
			Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	251.902
					252.4 *
				Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	254.14
				Kalabagh	255 *
				Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
					265.3 *
				Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb	266.9
		Roadian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian	Bolindian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Kralodvorian	Eastonian		449 *
					Berounian	Eastonian		449.7 *
						Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian				458.4
					Dobrotivian					458.5 *
					Oretanian					459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †	Yapeenian			467.3
					Arenigian		Yapeenian			468
							Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian			470
							Bendigonian			471.8 *
							Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian		Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian		Tremadocian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran					Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran	514
				Montezuman	514.8 *
				Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																538.8