PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of China		Ordovician of Britain				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian																Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean																Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian																Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian																Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian																Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian																Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian																Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian																Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
		Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian												Bumbanian					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Gashatan						56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															Midian		259.51
		Wordian															Midian		264.28
		Wordian															Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian															Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian															Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian															Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian															Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian															Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian															Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																	298.9
		Kasimovian																	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan	445.2
						Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
			Berounian			Streffordian		449.7 *
						Cheneyan		451.5 *
						Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
							Actonian †	453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Aurelucian					456.8 *
							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
					Liben †		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
			Dobrotivian								458.5 *
			Oretanian								459.7 *
						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
					Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †						467.3
			Arenigian								468
				Arenig		Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian					470
						Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
					Tremadoc	Cressagian					480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10									Niuchehean			Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian			Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian									Paibian					494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	St Davids		Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian									Drumian	Wangcunian †				500.5
		Wuliuan									Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Duyunian		Caerfai		Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian									Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian									Jinnigian					530.7
																			538.8