PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of China			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian								Early Pleistocene		MN 17						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene		MN 16						2.58
		Piacenzian								Late Pliocene		MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		MN 15						3.6
												MN 14						4.2
												MN 13						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		MN 13						5.333
		Tortonian										MN 12					Pannonian	7.246
												MN 11						7.75
												MN 10						8.7
												MN 9						9.7
												MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene		MN 7 + 8					Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian										MN 6					Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian										MN 5						13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene		MN 4						15.98
												MN 3						16.9
												MN 2						20
		Aquitanian										MN 2						20.44
		Aquitanian										MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian											Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
		Wuchiapingian																254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
				Filipovian	276.5 *
				Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
				Irginian	285.9 *
				Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
				Uskalykian	294.8
				Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		Wufeng †	Chientangkiangian	445.2
					Kralodvorian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		449.5
					Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
					Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Oretanian							459.7 *
						Sarka †						461.7 *
						Sarka †		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †	Dapingian					467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian		Dapingian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian		Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian		Xinchangian					Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian		Xinchangian		Lianghekou †			Ungurian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
												Aksaian				490.7 *
												Sakian				492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Ayusokkanian	Marjumian	Albertian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian														499.5
		Drumian										Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian										Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan										Tuesaian	Topazan			504.5
													Topazan			505.3
													Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Waucoban †	Early Cambrian	509
												Toyonian				510 *
												Toyonian	Dyeran			511 *
												Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3														514
													Montezuman			514.8 *
												Atdabanian	Montezuman			515.6 *
												Atdabanian	Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Tommotian				521
		Stage 2														525.5
		Fortunian														529
																		538.8