PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of Australia	Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Silurian of England		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian								Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian								Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan		MN 17				1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian		MN 17				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian		MN 16				2.58
										Waipipian		MN 16				3
												MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean														3.6
										Opoitian						3.7
												MN 14				4.2
												MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian										MN 12				7.246
												MN 11				7.75
												MN 10				8.7
												MN 9				9.7
									Southland	Waiauan		MN 9				11.04
												MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian										MN 7 + 8				11.63
												MN 6				12.8 *
										Lillburnian		MN 6				13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian		MN 5				13.82
										Clifdenian						15.1
									Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian										MN 4				15.98
												MN 3				16.9
										Otaian		MN 3				18.7
												MN 2				20
		Aquitanian														20.44
									Landon	Waitakian						21.7
												MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
										Duntroonian						25.2
										Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
									Arnold	Runangan						34.6
										Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian								Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian								Bortonian						41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
										Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian								Heretaungan						47.8
										Mangaorapan						48.9
										Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian						56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian					Senonian	66
		Campanian								Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
										Mangaotanean						90.5
										Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian	93.9							Arowhanan
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian		438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian			Bolindian			443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian			Bolindian			Bohdalec †	445.2
			Eastonian	Kralodvorian	449 *
			Eastonian	Berounian	449.7 *
			Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †				456.2 *
					Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian								458.4
				Dobrotivian							458.5 *
				Oretanian							459.7 *
					Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †		Yapeenian						467.3
				Arenigian	Yapeenian						468
					Castlemainian						468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian						470
					Bendigonian						471.8 *
					Lancefieldian						473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian		Lancefieldian						477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian		Warendian						482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3				514					Dyeran
						Montezuman					514.8 *
						Montezuman					Placentian	517.1
						Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																538.8