PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																		Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan																		Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian																				0.0042
		Greenlandian																				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene								Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene							Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian																		Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †			Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene							Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Tortonian																		Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene							Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian																		Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene									15.98
																				Hemingfordian		16.3
																				Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian																				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan					27.82
																				Whitneyan		29.5
																				Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian											Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian																		Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian																		Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian																		Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene					Bumbanian		Bridgerian		47.8
																				Wasatchian		50.5
																				Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene				Gashatan			Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian											Late Paleocene				Gashatan			Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene							Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene							Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian											Early Paleocene							Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																				145
		Kimmeridgian																				149.2
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian												Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian												Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian												Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
							Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
							Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Raikkula		439.4 *
							Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian				Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †		Rawtheyan	445.2
														Cautleyan	448.9 *
														Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Berounian							Streffordian		449.7 *
														Cheneyan		451.5 *
														Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian														453
															Actonian †	453.2 *
															Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †		455.2 *
																	Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Aurelucian									456.8 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
			Liben †									458 *		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn						Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
							Dobrotivian							458.5 *
							Oretanian							459.7 *
											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Sarka †													461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †													467.3
							Arenigian									468
					Arenig						Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470					Fennian
						Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
						Tremadoc	Cressagian				480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †					497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														Stage 5 †	504.5
																						509