PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia					Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of Siberia
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan								56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian						100.5
											Middle Albian						106.2 *
											Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian						113
		Aptian									Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian						139.8
											Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
											Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian						174.7
											Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
											Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian									Sevatian						208.5
											Alaunian						213.2 *
											Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian									Tuvalian						227
		Carnian									Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Longobardian						237
		Ladinian									Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian									Illyrian						242
											Pelsonian						243.8 *
											Bithynian						244.7 *
											Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian									Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan									Dienerian						251.2
		Induan									Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
		Wordian															264.28
		Roadian															266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
				Huashibanian	318.5 *
				Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian			443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †		456.2 *
								Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
					Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Oretanian							459.7 *
								Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian							470
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian							Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian							Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian										Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
												Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
												Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian	499.5
		Drumian									Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian									Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan									Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan	504.5
		Wuliuan											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
											Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
											Botomian	Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3									Botomian	Botomian		514
		Stage 3									Atdabanian	Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Tommotian	Tommotian		521
		Stage 2										Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian										Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																	538.8