PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Silurian of England		Ordovician of China			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages				Silurian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean									Cenozoic 6	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian																						0.0042
		Greenlandian																						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian												Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian												Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian																						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																						2.58
		Zanclean																						3.6
		Zanclean												Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																						5.333
		Tortonian													Pannonian									7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	Pannonian									9.4
		Serravallian												Clarendonian	Sarmatian								Cenozoic 5	11.63
														Barstovian	Sarmatian									12.5
															Badenian									12.8 *
		Langhian																						13.82
		Burdigalian																						15.98
														Hemingfordian										16.3
														Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian																						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																					Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian																						27.82
														Whitneyan										29.5
														Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian									Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian												Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan									Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian												Bridgerian										47.8
														Wasatchian										50.5
														Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Clarkforkian									Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian												Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																					Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian																					Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian																					Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian																						86.3
		Turonian																						89.8
		Cenomanian																					Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																					Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian																					Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian																					Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian																					Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian																					Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian																					Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan										Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan										Jurassic 5	149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan											150
													Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian																						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																						161.5
		Callovian											Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian																					Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2																				Jurassic 4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian	Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	Triassic 3	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	Dorashamian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Dzhulfian		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Midian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
				Barettian			266
					Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
				Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
					Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian					283.5
				Telfordian			285
				Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
					Yakhtashian		288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian			Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan	Silurian 2	419.2
							Bringewood/Elton	Cayugan		421.3
							Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas			Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian				Wych	Woolhope			Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
								Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †				Chientangkiangian			Rawtheyan	445.2
																	Cautleyan	448.9 *
																	Pusgillian	449.3 *
												Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					Pusgillian	449.5
													Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
						Berounian											Streffordian		449.7 *
																	Cheneyan		451.5 *
																	Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian														Ordovician 4			453
																		Actonian †	453.2 *
																		Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
																		Longvillian †		455.2 *
																				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
																	Aurelucian					456.8 *
																		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
										Liben †								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Ordovician 3				458.4
						Dobrotivian																458.5 *
						Oretanian																459.7 *
																Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
										Sarka †												461.7 *
										Sarka †		Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo								466.3 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †	Dapingian							Ordovician 2				467.3
						Arenigian																468
													Arenig			Fennian						468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Yiyangian					Fennian						470
																Whitlandian						471.1 *
																Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadocian					Xinchangian		Tremadoc			Migneintian		Ordovician 1				477.7
			Lianghekou †	477.9 *												Migneintian
				Cressagian										480.8 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Cambrian 4		497
		Drumian										Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan										Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3										Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										Cambrian 1		529
																								538.8