PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Silurian of England		Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian												Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian												Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian												Waipipian	3
		Zanclean												Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean												Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian												Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian											Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian												Waiauan	11.63
		Serravallian												Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian	13.82
														Clifdenian	15.1
													Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian												Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian												Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian	23.03
														Duntroonian	25.2
														Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
													Arnold	Runangan	34.6
														Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian												Bortonian	41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
														Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian												Heretaungan	47.8
														Mangaorapan	48.9
														Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian	56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Lancian/Edmontonian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian									Judithian/Aquilan			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian												Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
														Mangaotanean	90.5
														Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian												Arowhanan	93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
														Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Motuan	100.5
														Urutawan	103.3
													Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian												Korangan	113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	254.14
				Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
		Pragian					Siegen		407.6
		Pragian					Siegen	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian			443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
							Dobrotivian						458.5 *
							Oretanian						459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian						477.7
															485.4