PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Silurian of England		Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian Subages	Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian								Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
										Hemingfordian									16.3
										Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
										Whitneyan									29.5
										Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian									47.8
										Wasatchian									50.5
										Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian								Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai	251.902
				252.4 *
			Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
			Kalabagh			255 *
			Wargal			256 *
						Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian	Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian				264.28
								265.3 *
			Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian		283.5
					Irginian			285.9 *
					Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
					Uskalykian			294.8
					Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian			358.9
								Middle Famennian			365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian		372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian		382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian		410.8
								Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian						Wych		Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian					443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian						449.7 *
		Sandbian												453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
								Dobrotivian								458.5 *
								Oretanian								459.7 *
													Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10	Sunwaptan													487.5
		Jiangshanian	Sunwaptan													489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean													493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †										Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †				Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †				Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4															Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3															Dyeran	514
																	Montezuman	514.8 *
				Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																			538.8